Solar Flare Activity, 1937–2024: Introducing the New Hemispheric Solar Flare Index (hSFI) in the Context of 2024's Major Solar Storm Events

V. M. Velasco Herrera, W. Soon, S. Knoška, A. Özgüç, G. Velasco Herrera, H. Yeşilyaprak, N. Babynets, M. Švanda, J. Muraközy, S. Qiu, D. Riveros-Rosas, R. Connolly, M. Connolly, A. Tlatov, L. Cappellotto
2 025
Space Weather, Volume23, Issue11 November 2025
A new daily composite of the solar flare index (SFI) and the hemispherically-resolved versions (hSFI) are presented for 1937 to 2024. The data set confirms that the northern hemisphere (NH) dominated solar flare activity during Solar Cycles 17 to 21, but that the southern hemisphere has dominated from Solar Cycle 22 to present. That said, the highest SFI value occurred in the NH during the recent superstorm of May 2024. In sunspot activity, the “Gnevyshev-Ohl rule” shows that the sum of sunspot numbers during even-numbered cycles is related to those of adjacent odd-numbered cycles. A similar rule appears to apply to SFI. The “Gnevyshev gap” phenomenon where solar maximum activity sometimes has two peaks separated by up to 1–2 years of a gap is confirmed for SFI. Although our data set represents the longest continuous daily data set for solar flare activity to-date, it is known that stronger solar flare events occurred before 1937. Therefore, a brief discussion of earlier solar flare events in the historical record is also provided for context. The statistics of the SFI and hSFI series are compared to other solar and geomagnetic activity indices, including the May and October 2024 solar storms. Statistical analysis of past geomagnetic storms confirms they are more frequent during active cycles and less frequent during solar minima. Strong geomagnetic storms are also more likely to occur during the positive phase of a 1.7 year's quasi-biennial oscillation in solar activity. The likelihood of low-magnetic latitude aurorae seems to have a 30 year periodicity component.
Pub-Cappellotto-Solar flare activity

A New Tectonic Model for the Contact Relationships of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Domains in the Principal Cordillera, Central Chile (33°–34°S)

T. Piñeiro, A. Encinas, D. Orts, N. Henríquez, W. Stinnesbeck, D. Kietzmann, P. Rossel, E. Núñez, V. A. Valencia
2 025
Tectonics, Volume44, Issue11 November 2025
The origin of the contact between Cenozoic rocks of the Western Principal Cordillera (WPC) and Mesozoic rocks of the Eastern Principal Cordillera (EPC) in the Chilean Andes at 33°–34°S has been debated for several years. Most authors interpret this boundary as a regional-scale inverted fault that, during the early Miocene, thrust strata of the extensional Eocene-early Miocene Abanico Basin from the WPC over Mesozoic rocks of the EPC. To better constrain the nature of this boundary and determine the tectonostratigraphic evolution of this area of the Andes, we integrate new stratigraphic, structural, and geochronologic data. Our results indicate that faults previously interpreted as the boundary between the WPC and the EPC are, in fact, depositional contacts. The only fault we observed at the contact between these domains is the east-verging, generally overturned Las Arenas Fault that thrusts Mesozoic rocks over Cenozoic strata. Consequently, the boundary between the WPC and the EPC does not correspond to an inverted normal fault along the eastern margin of the Abanico Basin. Our structural analysis also suggests that Andean deformation initially propagated eastward during the early-middle Miocene and subsequently shifted westward in the middle-late Miocene, re-deforming both Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks previously affected by east-verging structures. We also highlight previously undocumented synorogenic deposits younger than 13.6 Ma, along with new geochronologic constraints for the basal Abanico Formation (∼21–18 Ma), which are younger than reported in earlier studies.
Pub-Kietzmann-A new Tectonic Model

Integrante

Foto-Emilio Aliaga-400pxh
Emilio César
Aliaga
Lic. en Ciencias Geológicas
Becario
Geofísica
Aportar nuevos conocimientos sobre la geomorfología, dinámica sedimentaria y edificación cenozoica del sector septentrional del Margen Continental Patagónico, a partir de la integración de datos batimétricos, sísmicos y sedimentológicos.
aliaga.emi@gmail.com

Integrante

Foto Emilse Filgueira-400pxh
Emilse Abril
Filgueira
Licenciada en Ciencias Geológicas
Becaria doctoral
Ayudante de Segunda
Sedimentología
Caracterización estratigráfica, composicional y diagenética de la Formación Tambería (Catamarca), enfocada en sus implicancias para las etapas iniciales del antepaís andino.
emi.filguer@gmail.com