Seasonal biogeochemical variations in a modern microbialite reef under early Earth-like conditions

Federico A. Vignale, Laura Sánchez-García, Daniel Carrizo, Andrea Castillejos Sepúlveda, Heidi Taubner, Sebastián Oriolo, Alex L. Mitchell, Adrián G. Turjanski, Judith M. Klatt, Robert D. Finn, Maria M. Garcia-Alai & María E. Farías
2 025
Nature. Communications earth & environment 6, 751 (2025)
Microbialites are organosedimentary structures that have existed since the Precambrian and have endured through geological time, serving as archives of Earth’s environmental evolution. Today, they persist in only a few environments markedly different from those in which they first arose. Here, we report a modern microbialite reef in Laguna Pozo Bravo (Puna region, Argentina), exposed to high radiation, low oxygen pressure, and volcanic inputs reminiscent of early Earth. Through physicochemical, mineralogical, spectroscopic, electron microscopy, and metagenomic analyses, we identified diverse microbial communities with metabolic capacities that induce mineralisation. Seasonal environmental fluctuations drive cyclical changes in community composition, producing potential mineralisation patterns. Our findings suggest that carbon fixation and the metabolic drivers of alkalinity in microbialites may have evolved over time. Moreover, the variability in prokaryotic compositions among modern microbialites demonstrates that carbonate precipitation is governed by metabolic potential rather than taxonomy, reinforcing their role as dynamic records of environmental conditions.
Pub-Oriolo-Seasonal biogeochemical variations in-500pxh

Tectonomagmatic controls of porphyry-type deposits linked to the Late Paleozoic Gondwanide magmatic arc: insights from the Permian Tres Amigos Prospect, Western Precordillera, Argentina

Lorena C. Previley, María Verónica Bastías Torres, Clara Oviedo, Luis Lincon Terluk, Bianca Balsari, Sebastian Oriolo, Klaus Wemmer, Juan Pablo Ceballos, Gustavo Pezzani & Nora Rubinstein
2 025
International Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 114, pages 1275–1293
Assessing the timescales and controls of porphyry-type deposits, which are the main source of Cu for the energy transition, is fundamental to develop exploration strategies. The Tres Amigos porphyry prospect (267.4 ± 4.3 Ma), located in the Western Precordillera of Argentina, is part of the Permian copper metallogenic belt, which is highly prospective for copper exploration given its vast extension and the presence of numerous occurrences related to porphyry Cu deposits. A new K–Ar age of 267.4 ± 4.3 Ma constrains the timing of the Tres Amigos magmatic-hydrothermal system. The geochemistry of magmatism genetically related to mineralization reveals an arc affinity and an adakite-like signature with source magmas evolving under progressive crustal thickening conditions, which resulted in a relatively high-pressure (amphibole) residual mineralogy in the source. Mineralizing magmas have a hydrous and oxidant character, typical of fertile suites worldwide. On the other hand, structural information reveals an association with orogen-parallel dextral strike-slip-dominated transpression. These characteristics are consistent with the Permian transpressional regime in the Andean region, which triggered crustal thickening and consequent development of fertile magmas. Comparisons with other Permian porphyry Cu-type deposits indicate along-strike tectonic segmentation of the margin at 31 S, implying major differences in arc magma fertility. In this context, the segment south of 31 S may have the largest economic potential of the Permian belt.
Pub-Oriolo-Tectonomagmatic controls of porphyry-type

Comparison of Newton, Einstein and Brans–Dicke Gravitational Effects Associated with Earth and Other Planets Shape Determination

Sabrina Y. Fazzito & Claudio M. Simeone
2 025
Gravitation and Cosmology, Volume 31, pages 375–391, (2025)
A comparison between classical, relativistic and Brans–Dicke gravitational effects related to planetary shape characterization is presented. The periastron shifts for orbits around the Earth and the giant planets which can be used as tools for determinations of their shape and density distribution, are the main object of our analysis. The conditions on the parameters improving the possibility to resolve mixed effects are studied. Differing from the approach in a previous work, we now include the observational errors for the classical expansion parameters —which are of particular relevance for the ice giants Uranus and Neptune—as well as the corrections to gravitomagnetic effects resulting from a slight inclination of the satellite orbits. Also, some non-orbital considerations are carried out for the coefficient associated to the South-North asymmetry of the mass distribution of the other two giant planets and the Earth.

Qualitative seafloor characterization based on backscatter analyses of the Sloggett Canyon’s area, Argentina

Fermin Palma, Luana Acosta, José Isola, Federico Esteban & Alejandro Tassone
2 025
Geo-Marine Letters, Volume 45, article number 22, (2025)
This study presents the first surficial sediment zonation based on an analysis of backscatter data and sediment samples acquired during the YTEC-GTGM0 and AMPY1 (2017 and 2022, respectively) aboard the R/V Austral. Data were collected using a Kongsberg EM122 echosounder operating at 12 kHz, covering a 3882 km2 area that includes the Sloggett Submarine Canyon and its interfluve with Valentín Submarine Canyon, located within the ‘Yaganes Marine Protected Area’ in the Tierra del Fuego Continental Margin. A 75 × 75 m grid was generated from the backscatter data, and both supervised and unsupervised clustering algorithms were applied, resulting in four distinct acoustic groups. A qualitative analysis was performed to evaluate the suitability of each clustering method for dB value determination. The acoustic groups were then validated using nine surficial sediment samples collected from the study area. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between the extreme values of the dB scale and sediment types: lower dB values (< -26 dB) correspond to fine-grained sediments (silt and sandy silt), while higher dB values (> -18 dB) correlate with coarse-grained sediments (sand and gravel). However, intermediate dB values show poor correlation with specific sediment types, likely due to the influence of mixed sediments and geomorphological factors such as seafloor slope and subsurface layering. Notably, the seafloor slope above 7° was found to significantly influence backscatter values, highlighting the complexity of acoustic interpretation in steep environments. This study provides the first detailed classification of geohabitats in the AMPY, enabling the creation of a map that reveals three main seafloor types: fine-grained, mixed-grained, and coarse-grained that were associated with soft muddy, mixed, and hard and rugged geohabitats. The findings underscore the utility of backscatter data for seafloor characterization, particularly in extreme dB ranges, while also highlighting the challenges of interpreting intermediate values. This work contributes to a better understanding of the benthic environment in marine protected areas, supporting future conservation and management efforts.

Pteridium (Dennstaedtiaceae) from Miocene of Patagonia (Río Negro, Argentina): the southernmost evidence of bracken fern in South America

M. A. Machado, Yañez, M. G. Passalia, C. Santonja, E. I. Vera, J. Suriano & F. Bechis
2 025
Historical Biology. An International Journal of Paleobiology. Volume 37, 2025 - Issue 3
With only four species, Pteridium is one of the most-known fern genera for its role as pioneer in ecological succession and for being an aggressive weed. Despite its current wide distribution that extends to almost the entire world, there is a relatively small number of fossil records of macrofossils and palynological assemblages related to or compared with this genus. The majority of these belong to Oligocene ─ Pliocene deposits from the United States, Europe, Asia and New Zealand and only one has been described for South America, in upper Pliocene? – Quaternary deposits from Brazil. In this contribution, we describe the oldest and southernmost record of Pteridium for South America, based on frond impressions from Miocene deposits of the Ñirihuau Formation, exposed in the North Patagonian Andes (Argentina) and interpreted as deposited in alluvial, lacustrine, deltaic, and fluvial environments. We illustrate the finding and compare it with previous records of Pteridium and Pteris and with the current Neotropical species Pteridium esculentum. Additionally, we characterise the palaeoenvironmental framework in which the palaeoflora developed and we discuss the association of the fossil with other taxa fossils found in the same deposits, and of Pteridium with other species in current floras.

Characterization of the Cerrito Banco de Arizaro formation and its relationship with Cenozoic magmatism in the Southern Puna

Hernán Gabriel Rosenfeld, Emma Beatriz Maisonnave, Florencia Lucila Boedo
2 025
Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina, Vol. 82 No. 1, 80-99 (2025), Mar 15, 2025
The Cerrito Blanco de Arizaro Formation is part of the widespread Cenozoic volcanism in the Southern Puna region. It comprises three lava domes (Domes 1, 2, and 3) with subcircular to slightly elliptical shapes, emplaced on gentle slopes. Domes 1 and 2 lie east of the Aracar volcano, while Dome 3 is located east of the Vega de Arizaro. Dome 1 consists solely of coherent lava, whereas Domes 2 and 3 display both coherent lava and autobreccia facies. Petrographically, the rocks contain plagioclase, quartz, and biotite crystals within a glassy groundmass. All three domes exhibit flow foliation, marked by variations in vesicle abundance and distribution, indicating emplacement under laminar flow conditions. Geochemically, the domes are high-silica rhyolites with a calc-alkaline signature
and features suggesting intraplate magmatic affinity. Their silica-rich composition and low rare earth element (REE) enrichment imply advanced fractionation of phases such as hornblende, pyroxene, and accessory minerals. Compared to other rhyolitic bodies in the region, these domes are distinguished by a subtle negative Eu anomaly and moderate Sm/Yb ratios, consistent with crystallization at intermediate depths in the crust.
Pub-Characterization of the Cerrito

Origin, distribution, and significance of cements in the Miocene Vinchina Formation sandstones, Vinchina Foreland Basin, northwestern Argentina

Marianela Dìaz; Sergio A. Marenssi; Carlos O. Limarino
2 025
Journal of Sedimentary Research (2025) 95 (1): 133–155.
The Miocene Vinchina Formation (VFm) is the thickest sedimentary unit of the Vinchina Basin, an Andean broken-foreland basin in northwestern Argentina. Between 16 and 7 Ma, more than 10,000 meters of sediments accumulated in this basin. The sedimentology and compositional characteristics of the unit have been thoroughly studied. However, its diagenetic history is poorly understood. Based on the composition of authigenic minerals and their temporal relationships in seventy-eight sandstone samples, this study presents an interpretation of the diagenesis of the VFm sandstones. Petrographic observations allowed identification of authigenic minerals and their temporal and spatial distribution. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses helped differentiate zeolites and clay-mineral species. Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) permitted the identification of crystal morphology and the composition of the neoformed phases. Sandstones of the VFm exhibit a diverse arrangement of twelve authigenic minerals, calcite, zeolites, and gypsum being the most prevalent. Their distribution varies geographically throughout the basin due to paleoenvironmental facies distribution, framework clast composition, and diagenetic processes. Carbonate cements dominate the coarser-grained (fluvial) facies in the northern region. In contrast, gypsum is more conspicuous in the finer-grained (lacustrine and playa lake) facies prevalent in the basin’s southern sector. Accordingly, clay cements increase from north to south as sediment grain size decreases. The distribution of zeolite cements correlates with the quantity and nature of volcanic clasts. Analcime is abundant in the upper and lower sections and correlates with rhyolitic paleovolcanic clasts. Heulandite and laumontite are frequent in the central and northern areas linked to pulses of andesitic neovolcanic detrital contributions. Finally, deep burial and uplift control the alteration of the neoformed authigenic phases. That is the case of the gypsum to anhydrite, clinoptilolite–heulandite to laumontite, and smectite illitization transformations during the mesogenesis or the formation of secondary porosity during telogenesis. Compositional and textural characteristics of VFm sandstone cements were used to produce a diagenetic model to explain the various pathways, from eogenesis to telogenesis, which occurred in different parts of the basin. Altogether, diagenetic studies suggest that primary composition, depositional-facies distribution, and burial depth were major controlling factors during diagenesis.

The occurrence of the laumontite–quartz mineral pair in sandstones of the lower part of the VFm suggests that maximum temperatures may have reached a range between 139 and 162 °C. Depending on the sedimentary thickness considered, these values are consistent with either a 13.9 °C/km or a 30 °C/km geothermal gradient.

Thus, establishing a robust depth–time model that considers the effects of progressive unconformities is necessary to determine the basin’s paleogeothermal gradient accurately.
Pub-Marenssi-Origin distribution and significance

Análisis de la interacción agua superficial y agua subterránea en un tramo medio de la cuenca del río Reconquista (arroyo Las Catonas)

Romina Sanci, Cecilia Gisela Cantera, Roberto Adrián Scasso
2 025
Revista de Geología Aplicada a la Ingeniería y el Ambiente, Núm. 52 (2025)
Los arroyos pampeanos en la región húmeda funcionan como descarga de sistemas de flujo de aguas subterráneas, lo cual es conocido a partir de estudios piezométricos y la aplicación de trazadores químicos e isotópicos. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del estudio de la interacción agua superficial-subterránea del arroyo Las Catonas (Cuenca del río Reconquista), a partir datos de la composición iónica mayoritaria-minoritaria e isotópica de ambos tipos de agua, y algunos parámetros hidrodinámicos. Se utilizaron en forma conjunta datos de pozos someros y muestras de aguas superficiales obtenidos en diciembre de 2022 y mayo de 2023. Se consideraron además datos de precipitaciones y caudales medidos en la cuenca, y se aplicaron isótopos estables del agua (oxígeno e hidrógeno) para validar y ajustar esta interacción. Los datos muestran aguas superficiales evaporadas, y aguas subterráneas con valores isotópicos promedio de agua de lluvia. Si bien ambos tipos de aguas exhiben el mismo tipo geoquímico (bicarbonatadas sódicas), existe en el sentido general del escurrimiento del curso principal, un aumento de la conductividad eléctrica, cloruros y demanda química de oxígeno en conjunto con una disminución del oxígeno disuelto, nitratos y nitritos. Si bien este incremento en la salinidad podría deberse a la evaporación, existen cambios en las condiciones redox y valores más altos de caudales en el curso principal que permiten inferir que además del aporte del acuífero libre al arroyo, existe un proceso de mezcla debido probablemente al vertido de efluentes al arroyo.
Pub-Sanci-Análisis de la interacción agua superficial

Interpretation of dike emplacement from AMS data: a case study of early carboniferous mafic dike swarms from the Famatina System, La Rioja, Argentina

A. Cukjati, C. M. Spagnuolo, P. R. Franceschinis, M. Bellante, M. A. Naselli, M. G. López de Luchi & A. E. Rapalini
2 025
International Journal of Earth Sciences, 13 September 2025
The development and emplacement of magmatic bodies during the Middle Paleozoic along the western margin of Gondwana remain poorly understood. To better constrain the nature of these processes, petrographic, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), anisotropy of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (AARM) and rock magnetic studies were performed in 326 specimens from 23 sites on Late Famennian—Early Tournaisian (∼357 Ma) basic dike swarms exposed at the Cuesta de Miranda (29°20′26″S; 67°46′3″W) and the Cosme Creek (29°15′27″S; 67°53′4″W) localities in the southwestern Famatina System, La Rioja province, Argentina. AMS results reveal that in the Cuesta de Miranda area, the maximum anisotropy axis (K1) is in a sub-vertical position, while in the Cosme Creek, it is dipping ∼40° towards the ESE, parallel to the strike of the dikes. Rock magnetic studies suggest that magnetite is the main mineral contributing to susceptibility. AARM studies confirm that the main axes of the susceptibility ellipsoid given by the AMS correspond to a “normal” fabric. The obtained results allow us to propose an emplacement model, in which the magmatic source that originated the dikes of the Cuesta de Miranda area was located under this region leading to a vertical flow of the magma at this locality. In the Cosme Creek, magma emplacement occurred due to an oblique upward flow that migrated around 15 km towards NW. In this area, all dikes exhibit similar AMS patterns despite petrographic differences among them. This suggests the emplacement of different magma pulses controlled by pre-existing regional structures.
Pub-Rapalini-Interpretation of dike emplacement-600pxh